Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Cocoon-Spinning Behavior and 20-Hydroxyecdysone Regulation of Fibroin Genes in Plutella xylostella

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574800

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–C) Effect of 20E on Fib-L, P25 , and Fib-H expression of larval silk glands of Plutella xylostella larvae at 3, 6, and 12 h time points in the control (ethanol treated) and 20E-treated groups. Data are means SD. Significant differences were checked using Students t -test (* P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Each 3th instar larva in the 20E-treatment group was injected with a dose of 500 ng 20E solution by micro 4 injector (World precision instruments).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Cocoon-Spinning Behavior and 20-Hydroxyecdysone Regulation of Fibroin Genes in Plutella xylostella

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574800

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cocoon-spinning times Plutella xylostella larvae in the control and the 20E-treated groups. (B) The pupa sizes in the control and the 20E-treatedgroups. Data are expressed as means SD. Significant differences were calculated using Students t -test (* P < 0.05). The left y-axis indicates the time spent of cocooning; the x-axis shows control and the 20E treated groups.

Article Snippet: Each 3th instar larva in the 20E-treatment group was injected with a dose of 500 ng 20E solution by micro 4 injector (World precision instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Cocoon-Spinning Behavior and 20-Hydroxyecdysone Regulation of Fibroin Genes in Plutella xylostella

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574800

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the cocoon looseness of Plutella xylostella in the control (A,C) and the 20E-treated groups (B,D) with 100 and 300 magnification.

Article Snippet: Each 3th instar larva in the 20E-treatment group was injected with a dose of 500 ng 20E solution by micro 4 injector (World precision instruments).

Techniques: Electron Microscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Cocoon-Spinning Behavior and 20-Hydroxyecdysone Regulation of Fibroin Genes in Plutella xylostella

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574800

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–C) Respectively represent the before spinning, spinning, and after spinning of the diamondback moth larvae. (D–I) Relative transcripts of the key genes related to 20E, including 20E-biosynthesis ( Spo, Sad , and Shd ), signaling ( EcR and USP ), and degradation (CYP18-A1) , detected by qPCR at before, during and after spinning of Plutella xylostella mature larvae.

Article Snippet: Each 3th instar larva in the 20E-treatment group was injected with a dose of 500 ng 20E solution by micro 4 injector (World precision instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Insect science

Article Title: 20-hydroxyecdysone-mediated regulation of the ribosomal protein Cs40SRPS4 via CsE74A is essential for vitellogenesis in Chilo suppressalis.

doi: 10.1111/1744-7917.70092

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6 Relative expression of CsE74A, Cs40SRPS4, and CsVg after treatment with different concentrations of 20E (1, 100, 500, 1 000, or 2 000 ng/µL). (A) Changes in CsE74A gene expression after 20E treatment. (B) Changes in Cs40SRPS4 gene expression after 20E treatment. (C) Changes in CsVg gene expression after 20E treatment. Data were expressed as the mean ± SEM of 3 independent bioreplicates (n = 3). Significant differences were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and different letters on the columns indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: 20E treatments 20E (Selleck, Shanghai, China) was dissolved in anhydrous ethanol and diluted with ddH2O to the work- © 2025 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences., 0, 1–14 iley.com /doi/10.1111/1744-7917.70092 by < Shibboleth> -m em ber@ m anipal.edu, W iley O nline L ibrary on [16/06/2025].

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression

Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Article Title: Regulatory mechanisms underlying the specification of the pupal-homologous stage in a hemimetabolous insect

doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0225

Figure Lengend Snippet: Phenotypes observed after RNAi-mediated depletion of Gb′Kr-h1 and Gb′Br in the nymph stage of G. bimaculatus. (a) dsRNA was injected into nymphs on day 1 of the fifth instar. After hatching, the life cycle of cricket nymphs progresses through eight instars, and the final instar nymph moults into an adult. (b,c) The effects of RNAi targeting DsRed2 (control), Gb′Kr-h1 or Gb′Br in nymphs on day 1 of the fifth instar. In each panel, the control adult is on the left side and the RNAi-treated on the right. RNAi-treated nymphs underwent precocious adult metamorphosis after the sixth instar. (d,e) Body length (d) and weight (e) of adults (male: ♂; and female: ♀) that developed following injections of dsRNA targeting DsRed2, Gb′Kr-h1 or Gb′Br. Data are presented as the mean ± s.d. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005 according to Student's t-test. Wings of precocious adults produced following the injection of dsRNA were significantly smaller and were wrinkled (f–h). Following the injection of 20E at the fifth instar, the fifth instar nymphs underwent precocious adult metamorphosis after the sixth instar, and the wings of the 20E-treated adults were also significantly reduced and wrinkled (i). (j–m) Ovipositors of precocious adults produced following the injection of dsRNAs (j–l) or 20E-treated (m) were cleaved at the tip and they became abnormally short. Scale bars: 10 mm in (a–c); 2 mm in (f–m).

Article Snippet: All qPCR reactions were performed in triplicate as technical replicates. (e) Hormone treatment 20E (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in ethanol to a concentration of 1 µg µl −1 , and then approximately 3 µl of this 20E solution was injected into the ventral abdomen of newly moulted fifth instar nymphs (approx.

Techniques: Injection, Produced

Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Article Title: Regulatory mechanisms underlying the specification of the pupal-homologous stage in a hemimetabolous insect

doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0225

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of RNAi-mediated knockdown of Gb′Kr-h1, Gb′Br or Gb′E93 and 20E treatment on expression patterns. (a–c) dsRNA targeting DsRed2 (control), Gb′Kr-h1, Gb′Br or Gb′E93 was injected on day 1 of the fifth instar. Transcript levels of Gb′Kr-h1 (a), Gb′Br (b), and Gb′E93 (c) were subsequently determined in the abdomens of the sixth instar. The transcript levels determined at the sixth instar of each control nymph for (a–c) were set to 1. Data are presented as the mean ± s.d. (d) Transcript levels of Gb′Kr-h1, Gb′Br and Gb′E93 were also determined for the seventh instar, following the injection of dsRNA targeting Gb′E93. The transcript levels of these genes in control nymphs on day 1 of the seventh instar were set to 1. Data are presented as the mean ± s.d. (e) 20E was injected into the fifth instar nymphs. Transcript levels of Gb′Kr-h1, Gb′Br and Gb′E93 were subsequently determined on day 1 in the sixth instars. The transcript levels of these genes on day 1 of the control sixth instar nymphs were set to 1. Data presented are the mean ± s.d. n.s., not significant; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005; ***p < 0.001 according to Student's t-test.

Article Snippet: All qPCR reactions were performed in triplicate as technical replicates. (e) Hormone treatment 20E (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in ethanol to a concentration of 1 µg µl −1 , and then approximately 3 µl of this 20E solution was injected into the ventral abdomen of newly moulted fifth instar nymphs (approx.

Techniques: Expressing, Injection

Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Article Title: Regulatory mechanisms underlying the specification of the pupal-homologous stage in a hemimetabolous insect

doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0225

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematics of the mechanisms regulating adult characteristics in the hemimetabolous insect G. bimaculatus. (a,b) Schematic diagrams of the regulatory mechanisms in controlling adult differentiation [29] based on the results obtained from experiments targeting Gb′Kr-h1, Gb′Br and Gb′E93 genes using RNAi. The proposed models depict the regulatory interaction between these metamorphic genes in the antepenultimate (sixth), penultimate (seventh) and final (eighth) nymphal instars of G. bimaculatus. Grey colours denote gene depletion and transcriptional regulatory effects that are absent during each phase. Magenta and blue lines indicate the findings of the present study. The characters illustrating the functions of TGF-β signalling in controlling JH biosynthesis are from G. bimaculatus [33]. The role of 20E still remains unclear (dotted lines). (c) Schematic of the hypothesis for the stages of ancestral insects, holometabolous insects and hemimetabolous (G. bimaculatus) counterparts [45,46]. Magenta arrows indicate the periods of Br expression in holometabolous insects and G. bimaculatus.

Article Snippet: All qPCR reactions were performed in triplicate as technical replicates. (e) Hormone treatment 20E (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in ethanol to a concentration of 1 µg µl −1 , and then approximately 3 µl of this 20E solution was injected into the ventral abdomen of newly moulted fifth instar nymphs (approx.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences

Article Title: Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice

doi: 10.3389/fresc.2021.757789

Figure Lengend Snippet: Percent of initial isometric torque during the 150 eccentric contraction-induced muscle damage protocol. Maximal tetanic isometric torque of the anterior crural muscles was measured after every 10th eccentric contraction of the damage protocol in adult and old mice. There was a significant 40–50% decline in isometric torque after the 150-eccentric contraction muscle damage protocol, regardless of age or treatment condition. Values represent mean ± SEM. PLA, placebo; 20E, 20-hydroxyecdysone. * significantly different than initial; p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Mice assigned to the 20E treatment groups received daily doses of 50 mg • kg −1 body mass (BM) 20E (E6425-HE; Bosche Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) via oral gavage for 7 days.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences

Article Title: Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice

doi: 10.3389/fresc.2021.757789

Figure Lengend Snippet: Isometric torque-frequency relationships of the anterior crural muscles in adult and old mice at the pre-injury ( A,D , respectively), immediately post-injury ( B,E , respectively), and 7-day recovery ( C,F , respectively) time points. Analysis revealed significant reductions in isometric torque-frequency relationships in both adult (B) and old mice (E) immediately after the eccentric contraction-induced muscle damage protocol (Post-Injury), compared to Pre-Injury ( A,D , respectively; p < 0.001), regardless of treatment condition. Torque-frequency relationships fully recovered to Pre-Injury levels by the 7-day Recovery time point in both 20E-treated adult (C) and old mice (F) , but PLA-treated mice did not recover ( p = 0.005). Values represent mean ± SEM. PLA, placebo; 20E, 20-hydroxyecdysone.

Article Snippet: Mice assigned to the 20E treatment groups received daily doses of 50 mg • kg −1 body mass (BM) 20E (E6425-HE; Bosche Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) via oral gavage for 7 days.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences

Article Title: Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice

doi: 10.3389/fresc.2021.757789

Figure Lengend Snippet: Animal and muscle characteristics of eccentric damage groups.

Article Snippet: Mice assigned to the 20E treatment groups received daily doses of 50 mg • kg −1 body mass (BM) 20E (E6425-HE; Bosche Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) via oral gavage for 7 days.

Techniques: Proximity Ligation Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences

Article Title: Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice

doi: 10.3389/fresc.2021.757789

Figure Lengend Snippet: Isometric twitch torque, maximal tetanic torque, twitch:tetanic ratio, and EC 50 of the anterior crural muscles in Adult and Old mice at the pre-injury, immediately post-injury, and 7-day recovery time points. Analysis revealed significant reductions in twitch torque (20 Hz; A,E ) in all groups immediately after (Post) and at 7 days (7-d) following the eccentric contraction-induced muscle damage protocol, regardless of treatment condition. Maximal tetanic torque (250 Hz) was also significantly reduced in both adult (B) and old mice (F) Post eccentric damage, compared to Pre, regardless of treatment condition. Only the 20E-treated adult and old mice fully recovered maximal tetanic torque to pre-injury levels by 7-d. Twitch:Tetanic ratio was significantly reduced at Post in both adult (C) and old mice (G) , regardless of treatment condition, compared to Pre, but Twitch:Tetanic recovered by 7-d. EC 50 was significantly higher in all age and treatment groups at Post, but EC 50 at 7-d was still significantly different than Post and Pre (D,H) . Values represent mean ± SEM. PLA, placebo; 20E, 20-hydroxyecdysone; EC 50 , stimulation frequency required to elicit 50% of maximal tetanic torque. * significantly different than Pre within the same group ( p < 0.05); & significantly different than Post within the same group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Mice assigned to the 20E treatment groups received daily doses of 50 mg • kg −1 body mass (BM) 20E (E6425-HE; Bosche Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) via oral gavage for 7 days.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences

Article Title: Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice

doi: 10.3389/fresc.2021.757789

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative images for H&E-stained tibialis anterior (TA) muscle sections from sham-treated (Sham; i–iv) and eccentric damaged (Injured; v–viii) groups after the 7-day recovery period (A) and muscle damage scores of injured TA muscle sections (B) . H&E staining procedures provide visualization of the nuclei (dark blue) and cytosol (pink). (A) Injured TA muscle sections appear to have more markers of muscle damage (e.g., edema, overt fiber damage, presence of infiltrating inflammatory cells, and centrally-located myonuclei), regardless of treatment, compared to Sham muscle sections. (B) Qualitative analysis of markers of muscle damage were assessed in eccentric contraction-injured TA muscle sections to obtain a Muscle Damage Score based on a scale of 0–3, with 0 = no apparent muscle damage; 1 = minimal muscle damage; 2 = moderate muscle damage; and 3 = severe muscle damage. Muscle damage scores appear to be higher in the PLA-treated groups, compared to 20E-treated groups, but the old PLA-treated mice appear to have the greatest muscle damage score at 7 days post-injury, compared to any other group. Values represent mean ± SEM. PLA, placebo; 20E, 20-hydroxyecdysone. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Article Snippet: Mice assigned to the 20E treatment groups received daily doses of 50 mg • kg −1 body mass (BM) 20E (E6425-HE; Bosche Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) via oral gavage for 7 days.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences

Article Title: Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice

doi: 10.3389/fresc.2021.757789

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative images for Gomori trichrome-stained tibialis anterior (TA) muscle sections from sham-treated (Sham; A–D ) and eccentric damaged (Injured; E–H ) groups after the 7-day recovery period. Gomori trichrome staining procedures provide visualization of the nuclei (dark blue), muscle fibers (reddish purple), and the connective tissue (greenish blue). Injured TA muscle sections appear to have connective tissue staining regardless of treatment, compared to Sham muscle sections. PLA, placebo; 20E, 20-hydroxyecdysone. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Article Snippet: Mice assigned to the 20E treatment groups received daily doses of 50 mg • kg −1 body mass (BM) 20E (E6425-HE; Bosche Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) via oral gavage for 7 days.

Techniques: Staining